Cardiovascular diseases in COVID -19 : A Narrative Review
Author(s): Sarbesh Kumar Jha, Deepak Sigdel and Atul Dwivedi*
Abstract
COVID-19 was reported in late December 2019. Since then it has been announced as a global pandemic affecting more than 200 countries, with an unwanted effect on social, economic and public health. Cardiovascular disease has been reported in COVID -19 patients. Most probably, cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 are the combination of direct viral injury and host’s immune response resulting in vascular inflammation and myocardial inflammation. Additionally, COVID-19 can cause cardiac complications through several ways such as increased release of Cytokines causes indirect cardiac injury direct invasion of cardiac myocytes. Respiratory damage causes hypoxia, supply - demand mismatched in myocardial tissue, followed by oxidative stress and injury in cardiomyocytes. Cardiac manifestations of COVID-19 include cardiogenic shock, fatal Arrhythmias, myocarditis and acute heart failure. Early findings from China reported that CVD, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, were common preexisting conditions in COVID-19 patients. High prevalence of these comorbidities was confirmed in other studies too. It’s important to notice that prevalence of these comorbidities were higher in severe ICU admitted patients. In other words, pre- existing cardiovascular disease seems to be key factor that worsen the outcome and increased risk of death in severe cases of COVID-19. Several clinical studies also reported a relation between COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, recent studies also confirmed that cardiac injury and cardiomyopathy (CMPs) were common in COVID-19 patients. In this Review, we focus our research to combine the facts and findings of several studies about current knowledge of cardiac manifestation during COVID-19. Once, we able to know complete facts of cardiomyopathy in COVID-19, we may be able to develop a correct therapeutic algorithm and cut down the mortality rate to the least in severe COVID-19 cases.