Depression Status in Relation to Gingival Status and Salivary Magnesium Among 17 Years Old Secondary School Female in Baghdad City/Iraq

Noor Abdulrazzaq^1* and Nada Jafer MH Radhi²

^*Correspondence: Noor Abdulrazzaq, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Iraq, Email:

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Introduction

Depression is a common and severe psychiatric disorder that affects the emotions, thinking and behaving negatively [1]. It's not Know exactly what causes depression but can involve a variety of problems as genetic and environmental causes. Many small-effect genes will affect the responsibility of an person to the disease as well as a number of non-genetic genes causes (environmental causes) including Stress, toxic drugs, stressful events, childhood issues and pollutants, Noise production and accidents both natural and catastrophic [2,3].

The Diagnosis Mental Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Anxiety (DSM-IV) is linked to factors which are severity, duration, and course of disease. Through diagnosis by using three factors just provide fractional attributive about person who has trial with depression. Additionally, depressed people may have a co-morbid psychiatric diagnostic feature, for example worry, Welfare phobia, scare and different Personality disruptions. It complicates even further the diagnosis and treatment. However, the diagnosis of depression may not directly hint a special treatment making a Depression diagnosis does not necessarily mean any specific treatment [4]. Children Depression Inventory (CDI) [5] is the most established selfreport measure of depressive symptoms. It is good tool used to recognize the symptom of depression in children and adolescents at age (7-17) years old. It Is self-assessed, That means the infant or adolescent is assessed Records their responses to the test sheet questions as distinct from giving verbal answers to the questions which The examiner then analyzes and records this [6]. Oral diseases can affect a small region of the human body directly, but their effects affect the entire body and Could have adverse effects on physical and psychological health [7].

Periodontal disorders include a large variety of destructive Inflammatory conditions affecting the teeth 's supporting structures (gingiva, bone, and parodontal ligaments), which may lead to tooth loss. It is one of the most common illnesses globally and with two major conditions, gingivitis and parodontitis [8].

The fourth most common cation in the body is magnesium, an essential cation element Needed for a wide variety of physiological duties. It Provided as Physiological calcium antagonist, a cofactor for more than 300 enzymes, can act as an essential regulator of cell functions and Several basic Functions such as muscle relaxation, conduction of the neuromuscular, glycemia regulation, Blood pressure and myocardial contractions, are regulated [9]. Magnesium plays important roles across all major metabolisms, across ionic regulation and in oxidation-reduction as it regulates Calcium ion surge in the calcium neuronal canals which help to regulate the development of Nitric oxide in neurons. Neuronal Magnesium Claims cannot be met in magnesium deficiency, causing neuronal harm that could manifest in terms of depression. Magnesium Disease therapy Are under hypothesis successful in treating extreme depression induced by Deficits in Magnesium intraneuronally that Can be caused Excessive calcium in the diet, by stress hormones and dietary magnesium deficiencies [9,10]. Number of studies have been reviewed On Therapeutic impacts magnesium Administration to treat depression, depression, and anxiety disorders [10-13]. Magnesium The remarkable ability to minimize inflammation caused by bacterial toxins can also Take a big part in the prevention of parodontal diseases. So reduced magnesium Concentrations relate to increased inflammatory response to bacterial challenges [14]. It has been shown that magnesium supplements minimize the occurrence of osteoporotic fractures, suggesting their beneficial effect on bone maintenance as there is a seesaw balance between calcium and magnesium levels in bone by the action of parathyroid hormones. With High consumption of magnesium, calcium goes out of the bones to boost calcium level In tissues while a heavy intake of magnesium allows calcium to get out of the tissues and into the bones and this leads to better bone mineralization [15]. Supplementation with nutritional magnesium may improve periodontal health as it will have a positive impact on non-surgical periodontal therapy, also showed less loss of attachment and more remaining teeth [16]. Since there is no historical analysis of Iraq concerning depression in relation to gingival diseases and salivary Magnesium among 17-year-old high school female Students in Iraq / Baghdad, this study was carried out.

Materials and Methods

We performed this analysis in Baghdad city / Iraq during the period between November 2019; and July 2020. The sample involved 500 randomly selected females’ students aged 17 years from secondary schools in first Alrasafa. Official permission was obtained from the Iraqi Ministry of Education to examine the students without obligation and to ensure support from schools’ authority. The age of sample was calculated according to last birthday according to World Health Organization, 1997 [17].

Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI2) [18] was used to divide the sample into three groups according to the severity of depression (low, medium, high grade). All sample was requested to fill all items for Children’s Depression Inventory 2 questionnaire by themselves. Subgroups of 45 students were taken randomly and selected from high and low grade of depression to make comparisons between certain oral variables and salivary analysis. Oral health assessments were carried out Behind the fundamental’s procedures of the Oral health Services for the World Health Organization (1997) [17]. The thickness of dental plaque adjacent to the Gingival margin was evaluated with the plaque index of Loeet al. [19], also gingival inflammation was examined and recorded using Loeet al. [19]. Unstimulated Check salivaries were collected in sterile screw capped tubes, samples were taken to the laboratory for centrifugation and biochemical analysis. In the saliva of (90) students, by using a ready kits, salivary magnesium in (mg/dl) was determined colorimetrically. Nevertheless, the theory of the preparation of reagents, the checking of procedures and the measurement of tests is all carried out according to the manufacturing procedural instructions. The social sciences statistical software (version 21 of the SPSS) was used for both data description, presentation, and analysis. Mean and standard error were used for quantitative variables while percentage for normal ones. One Way of Variance Analysis (ANOVA) has been included in detect the differences with Test post hoc Games- Howell. Correlation with Pearson test Used as a correlation among quantitative variables. Significance level as: Not significant P>0.05, Important P<0.05, rather important P<0.01.

Results

The sample in the present study, involved 500 secondary school female students aged 17 years randomly selected from schools of firstAlrasafa sector in Baghdad city/Iraq. From the total sample, subsamples of 90 students were taken randomly and selected from high and low grade of depression to make comparisons between certain oral variables and salivary analysis. Table 1 shows that for the total sample, low depression grade is more in occurrence followed by medium grade then high grade.

Table 1: Distribution of the sample according to depression grade.

Table 2 demonstrate the mean values of plaque index and gingival health condition for each group according to depression grade. For the total sample data analysis showed that the mean value was higher in high depression grade while the least value was among low grade with highly significant difference. In Table 3, multiple comparisons of plaque index and gingival health condition values according to depression grade can Let's see. There was one statistical high significant difference upon making comparisons for the plaque index between low and high and between medium and high grades of depression, while for gingival index, it was between low and high grades. A significant difference can be noticed only for gingival index between medium and high grades of depression. Other comparisons were not significant.

Table 2: Descriptive and statistical test of Gingival and plaque index according to depression grade among groups.

Table 3: Multiple comparisons of plaque and gingival indices values according to depression grade with statistical differences among groups.

Concerning Table 4, results showed the level of salivary magnesium, according to depression grades. The mean value for magnesium was higher in low depression grade, with highly Big Differences (p<0.01).Concerning Table 4, results showed the level of salivary magnesium, according to depression grades. The mean value for magnesium was higher in low depression grade, with highly Big Differences (p<0.01).

Table 4: Salivary magnesium according to depression grade with statistical difference among groups.

Correlation coefficient of plaque and gingival index with salivary magnesium according to depression grades could be seen in Table 5. for magnesium, the correlation for both low and high grades were weak positive and not significant (P> 0.05), except for PLI of high grade with magnesium, it was negative and not significant.

Table 5: Correlation coefficient of plaque and gingival indices with Magnesium according to depression grades.

Discussion

All examined female students have symptom of depression (the percentage of occurrence of depression is 100%), as “Iraq is the most traumatized county of war ever described” and that “a majority of the Iraqi would suffer from severe psychological problems throughout their lives" also suffering from economic sanctions then exposing to many wars [20]. Adolescents Can be especially vulnerable to a depressed mood after social rejection, education stress and Peer pressure, mobbing and others [21]. Plaque and gingival indices were higher in high depression with high significant difference. Upon making comparisons between grades, a high significant and significant differences can be seen. Several explanations Was suggested to clarify The Mechanism of Depression has a causal part to play in etiology Of Parodontal inflammatory disease:

Depression strengthens the hypothalamicpituitary - adrenal (HPA) axis of chronic dysregulation and further defines cortisol and adrenal. disorders, Including immune dysfunction and proinflammatory cytokine excess secretion. Via these mechanisms, depression could affect the development of periodontal infections in patients with periodontitis and could be associated with a worse outcome of care by slowing wound healing [22].

Changes in behaviors related to health, such as oral hygiene, smoking and diet [23].In addition, antidepressant drugs can also induce xerostomia, changes in gingival circulation and changes in saliva composition, which may lead to an exacerbation of periodontitis [24].

The mean value for Magnesium was lower in high depression grade than low grade with a high significant difference. The mechanism is unclear since the connection between magnesium and depression is well established. Magnesium does, however, play a role in many paths as enzymes activation, hormones regulation, protein synthesis, oxidation-reduction the neurotransmitters involved in controlling mood [12].The N-methyl - D-aspartate channel is an antagonist in calcium and a blocker dependent on voltage that Regulates calcium influx into neurons. In States with low magnesium, high calcium and glutamate levels can deregulate synaptic function, leading to depression [25]. In magnesium deficiency, a variety of neuromuscular and psychiatric symptoms including various types of depression were observed and several studies found that magnesium A Pharmacological Armamentarium for Anxiety Control seems to be valuable [10,11,12,25]. Regarding plaque and gingival indices correlation with magnesium according to depression grades, the finding for both low and high grades were positive and not significant. This might be related to the finding that magnesium is important for the optimal growth of bacteria in a medium enclosing all other growth necessities of these organisms [26]. On the other hand, plaque index of high grade shows weak negative non-significant correlation. This might indicate the protective role of salivary magnesium as it acts as a modulator of the immune response, inhibit free-radical generation when present in high concentrations and also the controversy in the nature and composition of microorganisms may play a role. This finding was in agree with [27,28].

Conclusion

From this study it was concluded that:

All examined female students have symptom of depression, with a percentage of 100% occurrence.

For the total sample data analysis showed that the mean values of plaque index and gingival health were higher in high depression grade with highly significant difference.

The mean value for salivary magnesium was higher in low depression grade.

For plaque and gingival index, salivary magnesium correlated positively in low depression grade. In high grade, plaque index correlated negatively while gingival index correlated positively.

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